Kończy się listopad, za oknami szaro, ponuro i … gęsto?
Zanieczyszczenie powietrza a konkretniej zapylenie mikrocząsteczkami daje się we znaki mieszkańcom ogromnej części Polski. Cierpią ludzie ale też zwierzęta. O szkodliwości smogu i jego wpływie na ludzki organizm napisano już naprawdę wiele. W związku z tym skupię się na zwierzętach. Konkretnie na Apis Melifera czyli pszczole miodnej. Nie ma jak na razie zakończonych badań na temat korelacji smogu i zwiększonej śmiertelności pszczół. Chociaż od stycznia zeszłego roku są takowe prowadzone na Uniwersytecie rolniczym w Krakowie. Nowej „stolicy polskiego smogu”.
Znając jednak podstawy fizjologii pszczół, można wysnuć pewne wnioski. Owady te jako organizmy mniej złożone od ludzkich mają przetchlinki i tchawki zamiast płuc. Przetchlinki to w dużym uproszczeniu system otworów w ciele owada, którymi dostaje się tlen. Co ciekawe dostaje się on do komórek organizmu pszczoły bez pośrednictwa krwi! Brak barier na linii atmosfera –komórka organizmu powoduje wchłanianie wszystkich zanieczyszczeń. Wynika z tego że właściwym filtrem jest sam owad.
Jak to się dzieje, że pszczoły potrafią przetrwać ten trudny czas? Otóż decydującym czynnikiem jest znaczne ograniczenie aktywności. Pszczoły zimują zbite w kule miedzy ramkami czyli tzw. kłąb zimowy. Tak uformowana rodzina wpada w swoisty letarg. Kolejnym czynnikiem jest wydzielany przez pszczoły dwutlenek węgla, który pomaga utrzymać się im w letargu, zarazem wypierając tlen z otoczenia kłębu. Ostatecznym środkiem zmniejszającym zapylenie powietrza dostającego się do środowiska ulowego jest para wodna. W procesie oddychania wydzielane są jej spore ilości. Wilgotne powietrze skutecznie wiąże smogowe zanieczyszczenia i odprowadza z ula w postaci już skroplonej wody. Ostatnią linią obrony rodziny pszczelej jako całości są … pszczoły. Te które są w zewnętrznej warstwie kłębu stanowią bufor będący niejako skazany na śmierć w imię dobra reszty rodziny.
Pozostaje pytanie , które z naszego punktu widzenia jest najistotniejsze, czyli jaki wpływ ma smog na jakość produktów pszczelich? Na szczęście mogę tutaj z góry uspokoić wszystkich amatorów miodu i innych. Po pierwsze w zimie nie ma w ulu miodu towarowego. Jest za to pokarm zimowy podany przez pszczelarza po ostatnim miodobraniu oraz niewielkie ilości miodu, który zostanie zjedzony podczas rozwoju wiosennego rodziny. W zimie również pszczoły nie produkują mleczka ani nie przynoszą pyłku. Zapasy pierzgi z lata i wiosny są zabezpieczone przed kontaktem ze środowiskiem zewnętrznym warstwą miodu i powleczone szczelnie zasklepem z wosku.
Podsumowując , pomimo znacznie bardziej rozwiniętego układu oddechowego problem smogu pozostaje bardziej problemem ludzi niż pszczół. Co wydaje się być dosyć sprawiedliwe, gdyż to my go sobie sami wytwarzamy…
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